Stratified

Stratified importance sampling

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Test	What it does	Result
test_beats_flat_variance	Stratifying has lower estimator spread than flat sampling here, where the observable depends only on the fault count.	✅ pass
test_matches_importance_coherent	With a coherent RZ plus depolarizing, stratified agrees with the flat importance sampler (both unbiased).	✅ pass
test_unbiased_dephasing	Stratified <X..X> matches the exact (1-2p)^n for independent dephasing.	✅ pass