QUBO / QAOA

Benchmarks for QUBO-to-Ising conversion, QAOA forward pass, and ClockSolver optimisation. No cross-framework comparison — qudit is the only library with native qudit-general QAOA.

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QUBO Conversion

Time to convert a random QUBO problem to an Ising Hamiltonian via QUBO.toHamiltonian().

QAOA Forward Pass

State construction time for the QAOA ansatz $|\psi (\gamma ,\beta )⟩$ per number of qubits and layers $p$.

ClockSolver Optimisation

Full optimisation loop timing for the ClockSolver (QAOA variant with clock register) per qubit count and step count.